'FINDING AFROHISTORY'

The Men of the Church Pass Out More Than Hymnal Books

The Elaine Massacre of 1919 is one of about three dozen race riots that happened across the United States during the Red Summer of 1919—so-called because blood flowed in the streets. The violence started around 11 pm on September 30, 1919, and by October 7, 1919, had slowed down.

At the root of white-on-black violence; tense race relations, white hatred stemming from competing for jobs with ex-slaves or Black Americans, and awards and accommodations received by Black soldiers fighting in WWI under French command. They despised seeing Black men proudly adorned in uniform.

History lists the Elaine Massacre of 1919 as the bloodiest mass killing in the history of Black America. To this day, what happened in Elaine from September 30 – October 2 remains sketchy. Even the death count of 5-20, or up to 300 as documented in history, is debatable. What triggered the blood-thirsty terror that besieged the land? 

ARE YOU READY…

African American sharecroppers living in Elaine decided they would no longer tolerate white landowners cheating them out of rightfully earned profits. They took steps to demand fair market value for cotton crops.

Between the hours of 11 pm on September 30, 1919, and late into the evening on October 2, 1919, the military and caravans of white mobs traveled as far away as forty-miles to Elaine to take part in a ‘nigger hunt.’ (Yeah, that’s correct if we’re going to tell the story call it what it is). Resentful racists on a bloody quest to save the white race from a make-believe black uprising.

After slavery ended in 1865, working as freed laborers, a good deal of ex-slaves remained on the plantations. These African American tenant farmers provided skills necessary to plow, plant, weed, and harvest crops. As sharecroppers, they also lived on the plantation they farmed. In exchange for living on the land, the plantation owner or landlord kept as much as a third of the crops. 

Besides receiving a third of the crop as payment for rent, white landlords and store owners offered credit to tenant farmers’ for supplies, tools, and other materials to grow crops. This was not an act of kindness. Bookkeeping practices falsified transactions. The inaccurate dollar amount recorded as money owed deliberately kept tenant farmers in debt. 

This deceptive practice prevented Tenant Farmers, aka Sharecroppers, from saving enough money of their own to eventually move away, buy their own land, or provide basic needs for their families. 

Sharecroppers Organize

Even though some of your ancestors couldn’t read or write, nothing was wrong with their memory or ability to run numbers in their heads. In doing so, they realized they were being taken advantage of.

Recognizing “sneaky practices” the sharecroppers organized into the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America (PFHUA). Members paid dues. They also hired an attorney and demanded monies owed to them for cotton crop production, including an itemized account of charges. 

On the night of September 30, 1919, in Hoop Spur, a town located three miles north of Elaine, members of the union met inside the Hoop Spur church to discuss union business.

Aware of the black sharecroppers’ intent to sue white landowners, a group of uninvited white men with local sheriff’s officers surrounded the church and harassed those inside the building.

Shots were fired into the church, they set the building on fire. Church security took action by firing back, killing one, wounding another, and running the others away.

The white men who caused all of this spent the middle of the night, the sky dark as dirt, running around the community, causing fear and panic that a black revolution is brewing. The truth of the matter, the surviving unwelcomed racist couldn’t believe that black men (church security) grabbed their weapons and bust back at them.

Terrified to their core, they continued well into the next day recruiting white posses to help them retaliate.

Elaine Overrun by Swarms of Wingless Human Locusts 

By daylight on October 1, instead of going somewhere to sit down and think about their poor choices or take a nap, the surviving white men involved in the shoot-out continued spreading lies about what truly happened at the church. The Mayor of Elaine sent multiple telegram messages to the Governor of Arkansas begging for reinforcements. 

When the Mayor didn’t receive an immediate response from the Governor’s office, he supported and allowed fake news to spread throughout the area. These horrible lies enticed hordes of angry white posses to go to Elaine and declare war on innocent African Americans. (Hmm). 

For two days, the Mayor and sheriff welcomed heavily armed white racist men into Elaine. They set up camp and began hunting down Black residents like deer. They tracked African Americans through the woods and swamps like rabbits or alligators. African Americans were beaten, lynched, and gunned down on-site, including children. 

By nightfall, on October 1, the Governor of Arkansas responds to the Mayor and deploys troops to the town of Elaine. Traveling with them by train, the Governor and a unit of combat war veterans from Camp Pike—a military post outside of Little Rock, arrived in Elaine on October 2; 400 troops from the third infantry division, 150 from the fourth infantry division, and 12 machine gun units.

Already in Elaine, vehicles, and truckloads of white men, about 600 from Helena, Arkansas, and another combined 1,000 from nearby communities including an invasion of white supremacists from Mississippi. (That’s right, you do the math)

They descended on the African American residents of Elaine, Arkansas, like a plague of locusts. The initial crime, organizing as a union to gain a fair share of profits on the cotton they produced!

Elaine Massacre of 1919 a Mystery?

The United States military denied participation by any of its soldiers in the butcher and the execution of African Americans in Elaine. Prior to the year 2000, writers of history believed them. According to a phenomenal account of the events detailed in the book Blood in Their Eyes: “The Elaine Massacre of 1919 revised edition” evidence may suggest otherwise.

Inconsistent military reports together with both white and black witness accounts paint a different picture. Written statements or court-prepared affidavits give details about the beginning hours of the Elaine Massacre.

If you take nothing else from reading “Blood in Their Eyes,” you MUST question the African American death toll of 856 mentioned in Chapter 3: “The Boys from Camp Pike.” Although presented as questionable, the journalist who first reported the staggering death toll gained the attention of others. The evidence for determining its accuracy or not is even more interesting. (You Decide).

Learn More:

Quick Read about the racial tension during 1919

https://www.facingsouth.org/2020/10/descendants-arkansas-elaine-massacre-victims-push-restorative-justice

Sources:

Mitchell, Brian K.., Lancaster, Guy., Stockley, Grif. Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Massacre of 1919. United States: University of Arkansas Press, 2020.

Elaine Massacre of 1919. (2020, November 18). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/elaine-massacre-of-1919-1102/ (accessed February 26, 2021)

The Waco News Tribune. (1919, October 2). Newspapers.Com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21405643/the-waco-news-tribune/

Chicago race riots of 1919 were one of the nearly thirty race wars that swept across the country during the Red Summer of 1919.

Whites who feared and despised the social and economic growth of black people in northern industrial cities organized white-on-black violence in a barbaric state of rage and hostility.

In Chicago, for seven days, African American residents living in the city’s Black Belt district on the lower south side fought off white gangs and mobs.

The anti-black riot started on Sunday, July 27, 1919, seventeen-year-old African American teenager Eugene Williams was swimming in the waters of Lake Michigan.

During this time, whites reserved twenty-ninth street for themselves, while African Americans mostly used the beach along the lakefront near twenty-seventh street. 

As the waves rippled through the water, Eugene drifted into a section of water occupied by white swimmers. Taking notice, white supremacists yelled racial slurs at the teenager.

On land, an argument and scuffle between whites and young blacks unfolded on the beach. The two groups threw heavy slabs of stone back and forth at each other. 

Eugene, still in the waters of Lake Michigan, was also under attack by white males flinging stones at him. When Eugene did not come out of the water, a white boy similar in age entered the lake and swam toward Eugene.

As Eugene held on to a railroad tie, the white teenager struck him with a noticeably large stone, Eugene went under and did not reemerge. According to witness accounts, the police officers at the scene refused to arrest Eugene’s killer.

And so it begins, Chicago Race Riots of 1919 

Day 1 July 27 Sunday Evening: No Faith in Police

News of Williams’ death spread quickly. Crowds of black and white people gathered at the lakefront. That evening, when young adult white males returned to their neighborhoods, they activated their gangs. By nightfall, white gangs descended on African-Americans living in predominantly white communities.

Between the hours of 9 pm and 3 am forty African-Americans had either sustained gun-shot wounds, severely beaten, or murdered. Black residents watched in horror and disbelief as their homes and businesses burned down.

Days 2 Monday: Drive-Bys and Snipers

There was a calm start to the morning work commute. However, by late afternoon white mob leaders and gang members started hanging out on street corners near the Stock Yards district, and other industrial business sites.

Caught-off-guard, unsuspecting black laborers on their way home from a hard day’s work were viciously dragged off street-cars and beaten with bats, clubs, and other lethal objects.

MEANWHILE….

The community referred to as the ‘Black Belt’ was the target of insane drive-by shootings. Crowded in trucks and automobiles, white people drove through the lower south side of black neighborhoods. The sound of their rifles and revolvers echoed throughout the streets.

In defense, black people took up arms and placed themselves in the shadows, “sniping” back at the white trespassers. Residents of the community also ambushed white looters who were destroying black businesses and stealing anything not bolted down.

By sunrise, reports showed nearly two dozen white men with stab wounds, attacked by heavy gunfire, beaten or killed.

Day 3 Tuesday: Soldiers and Sailors Raid Chicago Loop

In broad daylight, white mobs continued bold acts of mayhem. African Americans reinforced their defenses. With force, Black residents fought off any white hoodlums daring to enter their community.

Unrelated to the riots, street-car employees went on strike. This strike left many whites and blacks who relied on public transportation with no other option but to walk to work or stay home. For some, walking was a death sentence.

White soldiers and sailors between the ages of seventeen and twenty-two, dressed in uniform, traveled into Chicago’s Downtown Loop district. Once there, they demanded the hand-over of black workers.

When a business owner refused their demands or helped an African American get to safety, the mob of soldiers and sailors became enraged. To satisfy their lust for violence, they deliberately raided, looted, and destroyed the white-owned businesses.

Day 4 Wednesday: Sunrise Not So Golden

By morning, organized gangs of white teens and young adults, who were members of white ‘athletic clubs’ enjoyed the amusement of destructive behavior; homes occupied by African Americans were smoldering from fires, homes not burned down were ransacked beyond recognition, furniture and other personal possessions stolen in a frenzy of lawlessness. 

Although the militia mobilized on Monday, the mayor refused their help. Finally, around 10:30 at night, the mayor activated the reserves and militia to assist with restoring order.

Day 5 Thursday: Lies, Rumors, and More Lies

Four long days of humid weather, violence, and uncertainty gripped certain parts of the city. With the reserves and militia activated and temperatures falling due to rain, the riots were slowly ending.

To entice others to continue bombing, raiding, and attacking African Americans; lies circulated that African-Americans set fire to homes in Polish and Lithuanian neighborhoods.

Another made-up rumor was that black men were stealing guns and ammunition from a nearby Army regiment facility.

Day 6 Friday: Coolness in the Air Prevails

Under protection of the armed reserves, African-Americans who lost almost everything collected what remained of their personal possessions and moved to safer areas. By now, thousands of people, mostly black people, were homeless.

Those who did not lose their homes helped organize clean-up efforts to rebuild and restore the community. During the most devastating and intense days of the anti-black race war, temperatures swelled well into the nineties. But now, falling rain from days earlier cooled the air.

The Weekend: City of Smoke

In some parts of the city, smoke from bombs and other explosive devices used to start fires still burned. Minor injuries were still being reported.

On the lower south side of Chicago, east of the Stockyard district, black families worked on recovering from the week-long carnage of violence. East of the Stockyards district and the ‘Loop’ area, white people dealt with their destruction.

The Aftermath

Young white males brazenly revolted against military authority and tried to drive through or dismantle barricades. White crowds of spectators to the violence included children as young as four years of age.

There was an investigation into the role white-only ‘athletic club’ gangs played in the Chicago race riots of 1919. The all-white mobs turned on anyone white who intervened to stop the violence.

Responsibility for the Polish and Lithuanian arsons remained a mystery.

Learn More:

Red Summer of 1919 Timeline.

Source

Chicago Commission of Race Relations. “The Negro in Chicago; a study of race relations and a race riot.” Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press, 1922,